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Options --with-internal-iswxxxxx , --with-internal-towlower and --with-internal-wcwidth were introduced in R 4. These control the replacement of the system wide-character classification such as iswprint , case-changing wctrans and width wcwidth and wcswidth functions by ones contained in the R sources. Replacement of the classification functions has been done for many years on macOS and AIX and Windows : option --with-internal-iswxxxxx allows this to be suppressed on those platforms or used on others it is now the default for Solaris.
Replacing the case-changing functions is new in R 4. Replacement of the width functions has also been done for many years and remains the default.
The width functions are of most importance in East Asian locale: their values differ between such locales. Replacing the system functions provides a degree of plaform-independence including to OS updates but replaces it with a dependence on the R version. By default, configure adds a flag usually -g to the compilation flags for C, Fortran and CXX sources.
Having debugging symbols available is useful both when running R under a debugger e. How well this is supported depends on the platform: it works best on those using GNU binutils. On macOS debugging symbols are not by default included in. This can be overridden by specifying. Setting these to an empty value will disable OpenMP for that compiler and configuring with --disable-openmp will disable all detection 13 of OpenMP.
Note that overridden values are not tested. The inferred values can be overridden in file config. Currently accepted values are plus some synonyms. Prior to R 3. There is support for using link-time optimization LTO if the toolchain supports it: configure with flag --enable-lto. The main benefit seen to date from LTO has been detecting long-standing bugs in the ways packages pass arguments to compiled code and between compilation units.
Whether toolchains support LTO is often unclear: all of the C compiler, the Fortran compiler 17 and linker have to support it, and support it by the same mechanism so mixing compiler families may not work and a non-default linker may be needed.
Unfortunately --enable-lto may be accepted but silently do nothing useful if some of the toolchain does not support LTO: this is less common than it once was.
Various macros can be set in file config. For non-system compilers or if those wrappers have not been installed one may need something like. Note that R may need to be re-compiled after even a minor update to the compiler e. LLVM has. It is said to be particularly beneficial to use -O3 for clang in conjunction with LTO.
LTO effectively compiles all the source code in a package as a single compilation unit and so allows the compiler with sufficient diagnostic flags such as -Wall to check consistency between what are normally separate compilation units. NB: as its name suggests, this option is intended only for checking installation of R and packages: it includes these library routines those called directly and all they depend on in each package. If this has been done, two testing routes are available.
This re-runs all the tests relevant to the installed R including for example the code in the package vignettes , but not for example the ones checking the example code in the manuals nor making the standalone Rmath library.
This affects both checking the package examples part of make check and package sources part of make check-devel and make check-recommended. It does require a make command which supports the make -j n option: most do but on Solaris you need to select GNU make or dmake.
Alternatively, the installed R can be run, preferably with --vanilla. These tests can be run from anywhere: the basic tests write their results in the tests folder of the R home directory and run fewer tests than the first approach: in particular they do not test things which need Internet access—that can be tested by. It is possible to test the installed packages but not their package-specific tests by testInstalledPackages even if make install-tests was not run.
Note that the results may depend on the language set for times and messages: for maximal similarity to reference results you may want to try setting before starting the R session. Your file system must allow long file names as is likely except perhaps for some network-mounted systems. If it does not also support conversion to short name equivalents a. DOS 8. Installation is via the installer R Just double-click on the icon and follow the instructions. When installing on a bit version of Windows the options will include or bit versions of R and the default is to install both.
You can uninstall R from the Control Panel. You will be asked to choose a language for installation: that choice applies to both installation and un-installation but not to running R itself.
It is possible to use other toolchains including that used for R 3. The toolsets used for bit Windows from —20 were based on Mingw-w The assistance of Yu Gong at a crucial step in porting R to Mingw-w64 is gratefully acknowledged, as well as help from Kai Tietz, the lead developer of the Mingw-w64 project.
Both building R and checking packages need a distribution of LaTeX installed, with the directory containing pdflatex on the path. If a test fails, there will almost always be a. Launch either Rgui or Rterm , preferably with --vanilla. Then run. These tests can be run from anywhere: they write some of their results in the tests folder of the R home directory as given by R.
Two files are offered for download, R The first runs on macOS Package R For some older versions of the OS you can in principle it is little tested install R from the sources see macOS. Rosetta emulation works really well, with a very few reports of problems with binary packages solved by re-compilation.
To install, just double-click on the icon of the file you downloaded. These are Apple Installer packages. Note the the installer is clever enough to try to upgrade the last-installed version of the application where you installed it which may not be where you want this time …. If you update your macOS version, you should re-install R and perhaps XQuartz : the installer may tailor the installation to the current version of the OS.
If you cannot find it there it was possibly installed elsewhere so try searching for it in Spotlight. This is usually referred to as R. You can run command-line R and Rscript from a Terminal 25 so these can be typed as commands as on any other Unix-alike: see the next chapter of this manual. Those using the zsh shell the default for new user accounts as from Catalina might find the command R being masked by the zsh builtin r which recalls commands.
If you have installed both installer packages on an arm64 Mac, the last installed will be used. It has been reported that running R. APP may fail if no preferences are stored, so if it fails when launched for the very first time, try it again the first attempt will store some preferences.
Users of R. Here are ways to avoid it:. Using the X11 graphics device or the Xbased versions of View and edit for data frames and matrices the latter are the default for command-line R but not R. APP requires XQuartz to be installed. With XQuartz installed there are two fontconfig areas from different versions and it can help to set. APP and the R framework. Un-installation is as simple as removing those folders e. The installation consists of up to four Apple packages: 26 for the Intel build, org.
You can use sudo pkgutil --forget if you want the Apple Installer to forget about the package without deleting its files useful for the R framework when installing multiple R versions in parallel , or after you have deleted the files. NB: the package names are case-sensitive and the R domain is given inconsistently.
You can list the files they installed in a Terminal by e. The installer will remove any previous version 27 of the R framework which it finds installed. This can be avoided by using pkgutil --forget see the previous section.
You should ensure that the shell has set adequate resource limits: R expects a stack size of at least 8MB and to be able to open at least file descriptors. For some compilers 28 and packages a larger stack size has been needed: MB has sufficed to date.
Various environment variables can be set to determine where R creates its per-session temporary directory. It is helpful to use the correct terminology.
A package is loaded from a library by the function library. Changing the set of default packages is normally used to reduce the set for speed when scripting: in particular not using methods will reduce the start-up time by a factor of up to two. But it can also be used to customize R, e. R packages are installed into libraries , which are directories in the file system containing a subdirectory for each package installed there.
Both sites and users can create others and make use of them or not in an R session. Packages may be distributed in source form or compiled binary form.
Binary packages are platform-specific and generally need no special tools to install, but see the documentation for your platform for details. Note that you may need to specify implicitly or explicitly the library to which the package is to be installed. This is only an issue if you have more than one library, of course. Alternatively, packages can be downloaded and installed from within R. Then download and install packages pkg1 and pkg2 by. The essential dependencies of the specified packages will also be fetched.
Unless the library is specified argument lib the first library in the library search path is used: if this is not writable, R will ask the user in an interactive session if the default personal library should be created, and if allowed to will install the packages there. If you want to fetch a package and all those it depends on in any way that are not already installed, use e. Function setRepositories can select amongst those repositories that the R installation is aware of.
Something which sometimes puzzles users is that install. Some possible reasons:. Naive users sometimes forget that as well as installing a package, they have to use library to make its functionality available. What install. On Windows it looks by default first at the list of binary versions of packages available for your version of R and downloads the latest versions if any.
On Windows install. Windows binary packages for R are distributed as a single binary containing either or both architectures and bit. No additional tools are needed if the package does not contain compiled code, and install. Those with compiled code need the tools see The Windows toolset to be on the path: this can be set from within an R session by something like.
It will report success if the installation of the architecture of the running R succeeded, whether or not the other architecture was successfully installed. The exceptions are packages with a non-empty configure. If configure. This can only be applied to a tarball, and will only succeed if both installs succeed. If you have a package without compiled code and no Windows-specific help, you can zip up an installation on another OS and install from that zip file on Windows. However, such a package can be installed from the sources on Windows without any additional tools.
On macOS install. The R. On R builds using binary packages, the default is type both : this looks first at the list of binary packages available for your version of R and installs the latest versions if any. Note that most binary packages which include compiled code are tied to a particular series e. Installing source packages which do not contain compiled code should work with no additional tools. Package rJava and those which depend on it need a Java runtime installed and several packages need X11 installed, including those using Tk.
See macOS and Java. A few of the binary packages need other software to be installed on your system. If that clang build supports OpenMP, you can add. It will also be necessary to arrange for the libomp. Apple includes many Open Source libraries in macOS but increasingly without the corresponding headers not even in Xcode nor the Command Line Tools : they are often rather old versions.
Apple has changed the default to make implicit declarations a compilation error something seen in no other compiler and understandably authors of packages and external software have been unaware that this might be done — most issues seen were in configure scripts. Some care may be needed with selecting compilers when installing external software for use with packages.
For consistency one can use. One can use. Note that this mechanism can also be used when it necessary to change the optimization level whilst installing a particular package. For example. Another use is to override the settings in a binary installation of R. For example, to use a different Fortran compiler on macOS. There is also provision for a site-wide Makevars. Fortunately such packages are unusual. When installing packages from their sources, there are some extra considerations on installations which use sub-architectures.
These are commonly used on Windows but can in principle be used on other platforms. When a source package is installed by a build of R which supports multiple sub-architectures, the normal installation process installs the packages for all sub-architectures.
The exceptions are. In those cases only the current architecture is installed. Further sub-architectures can be installed by. Some R packages contain compiled code which links to external software libraries. Unless the external library is statically linked which is done as much as possible for binary packages on Windows and macOS , the libraries have to be found when the package is loaded and not just when it is installed.
How this should be done depends on the OS and in some cases the version. For Unix-alikes except macOS the primary mechanism is the ld. Standard library locations will be covered by the cache, and well-designed software will add its locations as for example openmpi does on Fedora. On macOS the primary mechanism is to embed the absolute path to dependent dynamic libraries into an object when it is compiled.
Running R CMD otool -L on the package shared object will show where if anywhere its dependencies are resolved. The danger with any of the methods which involve setting environment variables is of inadvertently masking a system library.
The command update. It downloads the list of available packages and their current versions, compares it with those installed and offers to fetch and install any that have later versions on the repositories. An alternative interface to keeping packages up-to-date is provided by the command packageStatus , which returns an object with information on all installed packages and packages available at multiple repositories.
The print and summary methods give an overview of installed and available packages, the upgrade method offers to fetch and install the latest versions of outdated packages. One sometimes-useful additional piece of information that packageStatus returns is the status of a package, as "ok" , "upgrade" or "unavailable" in the currently selected repositories.
Utilities such as install. Under that base URL there should be directory trees for one or more of the following types of package distributions:. If you have a mis-configured server that does not report correctly non-existent files you may need these files. This is a disclosure statement from Epson America, Inc. Protect your Epson product beyond the standard warranty period with an Epson extended service plan.
For products in warranty , please contact Technical Support. If your product is out of warranty , find a service center. If you are unable to find an answer on our web site, you can email your question to Epson Support.
Phone : Hours : Monday — Friday 7 am — 4 pm PT. Mail : Katella Ave. Los Alamitos, CA Downloads not available on mobile devices. NET Version 1. Compatible systems : Windows 10 bit, Windows 10 bit, Windows 8. Compatible systems : Windows 11, Windows 10 bit, Windows 10 bit, Windows 8. Advanced Printer Driver v5. Description : This file contains the Advanced Printer Driver v5. TM Virtual Port Driver v8. Here you can perform such operations as update.
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